Basics of Information Technology
Q:
Define the following terms Data, Data Processing, Information and Information
System.
Data:
Ans.: A collation of raw facts and figures is called data. Data is
collected from different ways. It is not useful and meaningful. It cannot be
used for decision making. Data may be in the form of numbers. characters.
(symbols. sounds, images and video clips etc. For example, when a student gets
admission in a college he fills an admission form. The form contains raw facts
and figures about the student. These facts and figures are student's name.
father name. address, phone. marks etc.
Data
Processing:
The
process of converting data into useful information is called data processing.
For this purpose, we perform different operations on data. The most common
operations performed on data are:
• Arithmetic operations Logical
operations
• Arranging data in a specific order
• Classification of data
• Searching of data
Information:
The
processed data is called information. Information is useful and meaning. It can
be used for decision-making. Data is used as input for data processing.
Information is output of data processing. For example, if we arrange the
student’s admission forms in descending order with respect to marks. we easily
make a list of the students who got admission in college on limited seats.
Information
System:
The
system that takes data as input. process it and produce useful information as
output is called information system. An information system consists of computer
hardware, software. data. procedures and users. We provide data for system and
system provides information. The programs used f processing are very important
part of information system.
Q.
What is Information Technology?
Information
Technology:
Information
plays a very important role. in every field of life. Information is required to
solve different problems of life. In our daily life we need different type of
information. For example, a student wants to know about his result. Result is
announced. A student wants to know last year's merit of diff colleges. A
student wants to know about the fee structure and rules and -regulations of different
colleges. A student needs all this information to take admission in college.
There
must be some way to get required information easily. We have to get required
information in less Information Should Information Technology solves
Information Tech ology acetified as "The technology that combines
computing with high education communication links to carrying data in the form
of text, sound. image, video etc. from one place to another".
Computers
are linked as a network. On these links data can be transferred from one place
to another very fast speed. These links are also used tor communication. Data
and information in one computer is easily available to linked computers. Due to
these linked computers our world become a global.
With
the help of linked computers, we can send large data. information and
communicate with a person, in any part of the world, as we Store living in a
village. Due to information technology information can be among peoples of
different cities, countries and subcontinents.
Q.
What is Digital Convergence?
Digital
Convergence:
Due
to information technology. different originations. industries and institutions
are linked with each other. They can exchange information with each other. This
electronic merge of industries and institutions is called digital convergence.
This emerge is very useful. Due to this merge image. sound. text. number.
video, and graphics Can be transferred from one organization to another
organization. This digital convergence has converted our world in to a global
village. Now information can be accessed from any part of the world.
Q.
What is the modern impact of Information?
Modern
Impact of Information Technology:
Modern
impact of information technology has broadened the base of computing.
Information can be exchanged with the help of satellites. fiber optic cables.
mobile phone, and fax, with a fast speed. These technologies have provided a
very useful scenario of computer utilization. So e important utilization is as
follows.
Artificial
Intelligence:
By
using different technologies, we can develop a machine that can see, hear,
learn, give response and communicate like human beings. The robotic is an
example of Artificial Intelligence.
Web
Based Applications:
These
are different applications available on web They are used for connecting to the
Internet.
E-commerce:
It
is a process of doing business transactions on Internet using computer.
M-commerce:
It
is a process of doing business transaction on Internet with mobile phone.
Computer
Animation:
The
process of combining different images to create an effect is called computer
Animation.
Multimedia
& Hyper Media:
Multimedia
is the use of graphics. animation. audio. and video on computer. Hypermedia is
the process of creating links between multimedia files.
Distributed
Computing:
The
process of doing a single task with the help of multiple computers is called
distributed computing.
Q.
What is Computer? What are its important hardware components?
Computer:
A
computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process it, into
useful information , and store it for later use. Computer is combination of two
things hardware and software. Computer works according to set of instructions
given to it. This set of instructions is called software. Physical components of
computer are called hardware. We can touch, see and feel the hardware. The
hardware of computer can be divided into following types
Input
Devices:
Data
and instructions are entered into computer with the help of input devices.
Input devices accept data in the form that can be used by computer.
Processor:
It
is the main component of computer. It processes data and converts it in to
useful Information. Processor executes instructions of a program.
Output
Devices:
These
devices are used to SYK»W processed data in the form that user wants. Examples
of output devices are Printer. Speaker. Monitor etc.
Secondary
Storage Devices:
These
are hardware components where data is stored for reuse in future. For example,
Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, etc.
I/O
Devices:
These
devices are used for input as well as for output. Terminals and Touch Screens
are example of I/O Devices.
Main
Memory:
Main
Memory is also called RAM. It is used during execution of programs.
Inter
Connectors:
These
are used to connect different components of a computer. For example, cables,
Ports, Buses etc.
Networking
Devices:
The
hardware devices that are used to make and manage networks are called
Networking Devices. For example, modem. bridge. router etc.
Q.
What is Software? What are its important types?
The
set of instructions given to computer to so called software. Software is also
called computer program. Software is developed in computer programming
language. Software tells the computer how to perform a specific task. Software
be divided into two main categories.
System
Software
Application
Software
System
Software:
The
program. that is for the working of computer. is called system software. System
software Controls the working of different parts of computer. Application
software works with the of system software. Computer cannot work without system
software. Following are some important types of system software.
Operating
System:
It
is system software that manages all resources of computer. Computer cannot work
without operating system. DOS and Windows are the example of operating system.
Utility
Program:
System
software that is used to perform some specific task for computer is called
utility program. Antivirus is an example of utility program.
Device
Driver:
Different
hardware components of computer need specific
software for their proper working. This software' is catted Device
Driver. For example, if we use printer with computer we need to install a
driver for that printer.
Application
Software:
The
Application Software is designed to solve specific problem of the user is
called application software. Application software controls the working of
different parts of computer. Application software works with the help of system
software. There are different types of application software.
•
Custom Built Software
•
Package Software
Custom
Built Software:
This
software is developed to solve specific problem of a user. Custom built
software is developed tor a customer organization.
Package
Software:
This
software is developed for general public. Packaged software is used to solve
come problem that is faces by many people. For example, Word Processors, Spread
Sheet, Graphics and Communication Software.
Q.
What are input devices?
Input
Devices:
The
devices that are used to enter data and instructions in to the computer are
called input devices. Input devices take data and instruction from the user and
convert it in the format that is understandable by computer. There are two ways
to enter data and instructions in to the computer.
Direct
Input:
In
direct input data in entered directly in to the computer from the source
through some scanner device.
Indirect
Input:
In
indirect input data is entered into the computer after some intermediate
handling. Keyboard and pointing devices are used in indirect input. There are
three general types of input devices.
• Keyboard
• Pointing Devices
• Source Data Entry Devices
Q.
What is Enhanced Keyboard? What are its important segments?
Keyboard:
Keyboard
is the most commonly used input Device. The buttons on the keyboard are called
keys. Data is entered by pressing keys of keyboard. A keyboard contains more
than 100 keys. These keys are grouped into alphabetic. numeric. function and
special keys. The standard keyboard is called “QWERTY” keyboard. This is
because of the first six keys on top row of alphabets are Q. W.
A
standard keyboard can be divided into four parts.
•
Function Keys
•
Main Keyboard
•
Numeric Keys
•
Additional Keys
Function
Keys:
Function
keys are F1, F2… F12. These keys are in the top row of the Function key are
keyboard. These keys provide an easy way to give certain commands. Their
functionality depends on the software currently in use.
Main
Keyboard:
The
main keyboard is like a typewriter keypad. It also contains some special
command keys. The functionality of the command keys depends upon the software
being used. Some of the most common uses of command keys are:
ESC
Key
ESC
key is use to cancel current action or task that is being
performed
on computer.
Tab
Key:
Tab
key is used to insert a tab (A space of to 8 characters) in many application
programs like word processor. In a dialogue box it is used to move from one
option or field to another.
Caps
Lock Key:
Caps
Lock Key is used to type upper case letters. Numbers and symbols are not
affected on pressing this key. Caps Lock indicator on keyboard lights up by
pressing it. It is a toggle key.
Shift
Key:
It
is pressed in combination with other keys to type upper ease
letters
and upper symbols shown on keys.
Ctrl
Key:
The
control key is used in combination with other keys to give commands as
specified by software in use.
Alt
Key:
The
Alt Key is used in combination with other keys to give certain commands as
specified by software in use.
Backspace Key:
The backspace key is used to delete a
character from the left of the cursor or moving the cursor back one position.
Enter
Key:
The
enter key is used to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. For
example, it is used at the end of a paragraph.
Numeric
Key:
It
is an arithmetic operator keys on the right of the keyboard. These are similar
to calculator keys. The functionality of Numeric keys depends on the status of
Num Lock key. If Num Lock is on the Keys are used to enter numeric data and
mathematical symbols.
If
num Lock is off these Keys can be used to move the Cursor and perform other
functions. The functionality of numeric keys is defined as follows:
End
Key:
End
Key is used to move the cursor to the end of current line.
Down
Arrow:
This
key moves the cursor down one line.
Left
Arrow:
This
key moves the cursor one character to the left.
Right Arrow;
This
key moves the cursor one character to the right.
Up
Arrow:
This
key moves the cursor one line up.
PgDn
Key:
The
page down key advances one full serene while the cursor stays at same place.
PgUp
Key:
This
key back up to the previous serene While the same place.
Home
Key:
Home
key moves the cursor at the beginning of the current line.
Ins
Key:
It
is a toggle key. In insert mode. new text is added at the place f cursor. In
overtyping mode. new text is written over the existing text.
Del
Key:
The
delete key deletes one character or space to the right of the cursor. It also
deletes the selection.
Additional
Keys:
Extended
Keyboard also has some additional keys. These keys are used to move the cursor
inside the document. The functionality of some important keys is described
below.
Arrow
Keys:
These
keys are used to move the cursor left, right, up and down. Insert, Delete,
Home. End, PgUp, and PgDn keys are used for the same purpose as discussed in
numeric key area.
Print
Screen:
When
pressed copies the current serene to the windows clipboard.
Scroll
Lock:
This
key is used to lock or unlock the scrolling of tekt
Pause:
Pause
key causes the screen to pause when the information is scrolling of the screen.
Q. What
Are Pointing Devices?
Pointing
Devices:
A
pointer is a small symbol that appears on the screen in graphical user
interface. A pointing device is an input device that is used to control the
position of the pointer or cursor on the screen. Some important pointing
devices are follows
• Mouse
• Track ball
• Pointing Stick
• Joy Stick
• Touch Pad
• Touch Screen
• Light pen
• Digitizing Graphic Tablet
• Pen Based Systems
Q.
What is Mouse?
It
is most widely used device. It looks like a mouse. It is a small light weight
device. It is moved on a flat surface to control the movement of the curser on
the screen. It is attached with computer by a cable or Wireless connection. It
has two or three top. To perform some specific task with mouse, first pointer
is move to a certain place. Then these buttons are used.
Mouse
has a small ball at the bottom. When we move the mouse on a flat surface this
hall rotates. The movement of the cursor depends on the rotation of the hall.
The mouse having ball at bottom is called mechanical mouse. The mouse that does
not contain a ball but uses a device that emits and light to detect the movement
is called optical mouse.
Q. Briefly
describe Pointing Stick and Joy Stick.
Pointing
Stick:
A
pointing stick is a pressure sensitive pointing device. Its shape is like a
pencil eraser. It exists between G. H and B keys of keyboard. When user pushes
pointing stick in different directions the pointer on the screen moves.
Joy
Stick:
It
is also a pointing device. It has a vertical handle mounted on a base with one
or two buttons. The movement of pointer is controlled by vertical handle. It is
used to play video games. It is also used in some computer added design
systems.
Q.
What is the function of a Touch Pad, Touch Screen and Light Pen?
Touch
Pad:
A
touch pad is a small. flat surface. This surface is sensitive to pressure and
motion. Sliding the fingers on touch pad moves the pointer on the screen. It
also has one or more buttons. These buttons work like mouse buttons.
Touch
Screen:
It
is a video display screen. Input is given by touching the screen at some
specific place. It is covered with a layer. Behind the plastic layer. there is
a beam of infrared light. The user enters data by touching icons or menus on
the screen, Touch Screen is often used in ATM, tablet PC, and PDA etc.
Light
Pen:
A
light pen is a hand held pointing device. looks like a pen. It is connected by
wire with computer. It sends in information computer when user touches the pen
on some specific area or a special screen. Mostly engineers. graphics designers
and illustrators use light pen.
Q.
What is Digitizing Graphics Tablet?
Digitizing
Tablet:
A
digitizing tablet is also called digitizer consists of a flat board and a
stylus or puck. The puck is either wireless or connected to the tablet with
wire. A stylus is a pen like device used to create sketches and images. A puck
is a device that is used to copy image. It is also used to make drawing. We can
make best with graphics tablet.
Q. What
is a Pen Based System?
Pen
Bases System:
These
systems use like stylus. With the help of stylus, we can write on the computer
screen We do not need typing from keyboard. With help of this system. student
may able to take notes in class without pen and ink. We can connect electronic
White board of the classroom with student’s computer. Students can take notes
directly. Students can concentrate on listening the lecture.
Q.
Describe Source Data Entry Devices.
Source
Data Entry Devices:
The
devices that are used for direct data entry to computer system are called
source data entry devices. These are fast input devices. We can enter data very
quickly and efficiently. The following are some commonly used sources data
entry devices.
Bar
Code Reader
Mark
and Character Recognition Devices
MICR
(Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition) OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)
OCR
(Optical Character Recognition)
Magnetic
Strip Card
Smart
Card
• Fax Machine
• Imaging System
• Audio/Video Devices
Audio
Input Device
Video
Input Device
Digital
Camera
Q. What
are Scanning Devices?
Scanning
Devices:
These
are input devices that use scanners for input. Scanners use laser beams and
reflected lights. Scanners translate images of text, drawings, photos etc. In
to digital form. Some important scanning devices are described below.
Bar
Code Reader:
Bar
code is an identification code. It consists of set of vertical li and spaces of
different width. Bar Code represents data. Information displayed on different
products in the form of bar code. Bar code is al called "Universal Product
Code". Bar Code Reader is used to read code and translate in digital
signals.
MICR:
MICR
stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. It is used to read text that is
printed by using magnetized ink It is used in banks for processing cheques.
Each cheque contains MIRC characters at the lower left edge.
OMR:
OMR
stands for Optical Marks Recognition. These are used to read special marks or
symbols printed on paper. OMR is used to read answer sheets of objective type
examination. OMR uses a light beam to read data and convert in to signals.
These signals are sent to computer for processing.
OCR:
OCR
stands for Optical Character Recognition. OCR reads printed characters and
converts into digital code that is processed by computer. OCR is used to read
utility bills and price tags in departmental stores.
Magnetic
Strip Cards:
It
is a card that has a strip of magnetically encoded data on its back. They are
used for personal identifications during driving, departmental stores, at
public places etc.
Smart
Card:
A
smart card looks like a credit card. This card contains a microprocessor and a
memory chip. This card is used into a special card reader. The card reader can
read and update its contents.
What
is a Fax Machine?
Fax
Machine:
A
Fax machine is also called facsimile transmission machine. l: uses telephone
line to send images to another fax machine. It scans an image printed on paper,
converts it in to signals and sends it to another fax machine. The receiving
fax machine converts the signals in to an image and print on paper. There are
two types of fax machines.
Dedicate
Fax Machine:
It
is a fax machine that can send document to another fax machine or receive
document coming from fax machine.
Fax
Modem:
Fax Modem is a circuit board inside the system
unit of computer. With the help of modem, we can send documents to a fax
machine or some other computer. Computers can also communicate with each other
by using telephone line.
Q.
What is the function of Imaging System?
Imaging
System:
It
is a scanning device. It is also called image scanner or graphics scanner. It
converts text. drawings and photographs into digital form and can stores it
into computer system. The system scans the image with light. If image is in
black and white form. it breaks the image into light and dark dots. It converts
the colored image into color dots. These dots are converted into digital form.
The technique of converting an image into matrix of dots in called raster
graphics.
Q. Discuss different Audio and Video Input
Devices?
Audio
Input Devices:
Audio
input is the process of entering sound in to computer. For this purpose, Audio
Input Devices are used. An Audio Input Device takes analog sound as input and
converts into digital form for storage. The main purpose of audio input device
is to provide digital input tor multimedia computers. Mostly
microphone
is used for audio input. There is board. a special It converts circuit analog
board in sound the computer. This circuit board is called an audio signal in to
digital form and stores it for further processing. This audio board can convert
digital data to sound.
Video
Input Devices:
The
process of entering a video recording in to computer is called video input.
Video input devices are the devices used for video input. Video recording
devices normally use analog video signals. Computer uses digital signals. For
video input, video input device is connected to a video capture card. This card
converts analog video signals to digital signals. Video computer card has two
types.
Frame
Grabber Video Card:
This
card can capture a single frame at a time.
Full
Motion Video Card:
This
card is also known as adapter. It can capture 30 frames in one second. This
gives the effect of a continuously flowing motion picture.
Digital
Camera:
Digital
Camera takes picture and stores it in digital format. The shape of digital
camera is like an ordinary camera. It uses a light sensitive processor chip. It
stores digital images on a storage media like Floppy Disk, P. C. Card, Flash
Memory Chip or a mini CD. These digital pictures can be stored into the
computer. Digital camera is connected with computer through a connecting wire.
When pictures are transferred in to computer they can-be edited, printed,
faxed, or e-mailed.
What
is Output? What are Output Devices?
Output:
The
information generated after processing data is called output. There is
different type of output. These types are described below:
Soft
Copy Output:
It
refers to data that is shown on a display screen. This output is not permanent.
It can be in audio or video form.
Hard
Copy Output:
The
output printed on is called hard Copy output. This output is permanent. It may
in form of text, graphics, images etc.
Output
Devices:
Output
devices are hardware component, attached with computer, they take information from
computer and convert it in the form understandable by user. The commonly used
output devices are:
Monitor
Printer
Plotter
Speaker
Q. What
is a Display Screen? What are its important features?
Size:
Display
screen is most common output device. It is also called Monitor or simply
screen. It is used to display output as soft copy. Following are some important
properties of a display screen. Display screens are available in different
size. The size of a display screen is measured diagonally from one corner to
another. The common sizes of display screen are from 13 to 22 inches.
Color:
There
are two types of display screens.
• Monochrome
• RGB
Monochrome:
This
display screen uses two colors one as background and others as foreground to
display text, images, graphics etc. it can display different shades of one
color. It is commonly called black and white display screen.
RGB:
This
is color display screen. RGB stands for Red, Green. and Blue. Different
combinations of these three colors are used to display color images on the
screen.
Resolution:
Text
and images on a display screen are made of pixels or dots. The total number of
pixels on a screen is called resolution of that he displays screen having large
resolution can produce sharp images.
Q.
What is Video Display Adapter? What are its types?
Video
Display Adapter.
A
video screen must have a video display adopter attached with the computer. This
is necessary to display graphics; Video Display Adopted is also known as
graphics card. It is a circuit board on computer. Graphics card determines
resolution. number of color and speed with which images appear on the display
screen. There are three types of graphics cards.
VGA:
VGA
stands for Video Graphic' Array. It supports 256 colors depending on screen
resolution at 320x200 resolution it supports 16 colors and at 640x480
resolution it supports 256 colors. It is called 4-bit color card.
SVGA:
SVGA
stands for Super Video Graphics Array. It supports 2.56 colors at high
resolution. It has two graphics modes 800x60/) and 1024x768 pixels. It is
called 8-bit color card.
XGA:
XGA
stands for Extended Graphics Array. It supports 16_7 million colors at a
resolution of 1024x768 pixels. It is called 24-bit color or true color.
Q. Discuss
various types of Display Screen?
Types
of Display Screen:
There
are two types of display screen.
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• Flat Panel Display,
CRT
Monitor:
It
is the most common form of display screen; it looks like a TV screen. This kind
of monitor uses a cathode ray tube to display images ala/ text CRI is a vacuum
tube.
There
are one or more electron guns at the end of tube. These guns tire beams of
electrons inside the screen. The screen is coated with tiny dots of phosphor.
These dots glow when electron beam falls on them. A stream of bits defining the
image is sent from the computer's CPU to the CRT electron gun. CRT electron gun
converts bits in to beam of electrons. When beam of electrons hits the phosphor
dots they glow. The combined effect of these dots generates an image on the
screen.
Flat
Panel Monitor:
Flat
panel monitor is lightweight. take less space and consume less power than CRT
monitor. Laptop computer uses flat panel monitor. Flat Panel Monitor can also
be used with personal computer. Flat Panel Monitor is made up of two glass
plates. There is a substance between two glass plates. This substance is
activated in different ways. There are three types of flat panel display
screen.
LCD:
LCD
stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD uses liquid crystal between the glass
plates. The molecules of liquid crystal line up in such a way that light behind
the screen is blocked or allowed through to create an Image.
ELD:
ELD
stands for Electronic Luminescent Display. It contains a substance between two
glass plates. This substance glows when electric current charges it.
Gas
Plasma Display:
These
monitors use gas plasma technology. There is a layer of gas between two glass
plates. This gas glows when electric charge is supplied. This technology offers
large screen size and higher display quality.
Q.
What is a Printer? What are its types?
Printer:
A
printer is a hardware device It is used to print characters. symbols and
graphics on The printed output is called hard copy output, Printers are divided
in to two types.
Impact
Printer:
An
impact printer prints text or images by sticking a hammer or wheel against an
inked ribbon. Due to the strike of hammer images or characters appear on
screen. The examples of impact printer are:
• Dot Matrix Printer
• Daisy Wheel Printer
• Line Printer
Non-Impact
Printer:
Non-Impact
Printer prints text and graphics without sticking hammer or wheel on paper.
They use different technologies for printing. The examples of non-impact
printer are:
• Laser Printer
• Inkjet Printer
• Thermal Printer
Q. What
are the different types of Impact Printer?
Types
of Impact Printer:
Impact
Printers work like typewriter. The important types Of impact printer are:
• Dot Matrix Printer
• Daisy Wheel Printer
• Line Printer
Dot
Matrix Printer:
It
is an impact printer. It has a print head containing small pins.
These
pins strike on an inked ribbon against paper and make a character or image.
Print heads are available, with 9.18 or 24 pins. Higher the number of pins,
faster is the speed of printing.
Daisy
Wheel Printer:
Daisy
wheel printer uses a wheel called daisy wheel. The wheel has a series of
petals. There is a character at the end of each petal. This wheel can rotate
When a specific petal comes in front of a hammer striker on an inked ribbon and
character is printed on paper. 11 is slower than matrix but better in quality.
Line
Printer:
Line
printer is a high speed impact printer capable of printing an entire line at
one time. A fast line printer can print as many as 3000 lines minute. The
disadvantages of line printers arc that they can print only one font. they
cannot print graphics and print quality is low Drum, chain and band printers
are examples print of line printer.
Q.
What are the important types of Non-Impact Printers?
Non-Impact
Printer:
These
printers print text and graphics on paper without sticking the paper. Different
types of non-impact printer are as follows:
• Laser Printer
• Inkjet Printer
• Thermal Printer
Laser
Printer:
Laser
stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser
printer is high quality non-impact printer. It creates images on paper with the
help of a laser beam. It throws magnetic ink powder in form of dots. There can
be 300 to 2000 dots per inch (DPI). It has a drum. First images are created on
drum_ then are transferred from drum to paper. The speed of laser printer is
from 5 to 300 pages per minute.
Inkjet
Printer:
It
prints text and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink on paper. It is
cheaper as compared to laser printer. Its resolution is from 300 to 720 DPI. It
can print I to 6 text pages per minute. Bubble jet is another type of inkjet
printer. Its printing head has 128 tiny nozzles.
Thermal
Printer:
It
is a non-impact printer. Special heat sensitive papers are used in this
printer. For colored output colored wax sheets are required. Thermal printers
are expensive and they require expensive papers for printing. They can produce
high quality prints.
Q. What
are plotters? What are their types?
Plotters:
It
is an output device that is used to produce high quality graphics in variety of
color. Plotter is used in architectural drawings, maps, graphs, and charts. It
can print on large surface. There are two types of plotters.
• Flat Bed Plotters
• Drum Plotters
Flatbed
Plotter:
Paper
is adjusted on bed. The size of bed is adjusted according to need. It has a set
of pens. The pens move on to draw the graph on paper.
Drum
Plotter:
It
works like flatbed plotter. The paper is placed over a drum. This drum can
rotate and move. The pens are stationery. Drum rotates and moves against the
pens to draw the graphs and drawing. Drum Plotter is also used to track
earthquake readings.
Q. What
is Audio Output Device?
Audio
Output Device:
The
voice produced by computer is called audio output. The device used for audio
output is called audio output device. is the most Commonly used audio output
device. Moet personal computers have internal speakers. The sound quality of
internal speakers is not good. Mostly high quality external
devices
are used. These speakers are connected to the computer at sound card port
Different speakers are available in the market to satisfy the requirement of
the users.
Q.
What is the Basic Unit of Data Storage?
Bit:
The
binary number I or O can be stored in a bit. It is the basic unit for storing
data in computer memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage. One bit takes
one storage location in memory.
Byte:
A
collection basic unit of-8 of bits is called is a byte. One byte is used to
store a single character. The basic unit of memory measurement is byte.
Word:
It
is a unit of a CPU at It is normally of register The length of varies from
computer If word size is large computer is more powerful.
Q.
What is a System. What are its Components?
A
system can be defined as the combination of different components that interact
with each other to perform specific tasks, 10 perform different tasks in system
different procedures are used. A computerized system consists of the following
components.
• Hardware
• Software
• People/User
• Data information
• Communication Setup
Q.
What is SDLC? What are its important phases?
System
Development Life Cycle:
SDLC
stands for system development life It is an organized way of developing
successful computerized system. SDLC consists of different phase.
These
phases are as follows:
• Preliminary Investigati'M-1
• System Analysis Design
• Coding
• Testing
• Implementation
• Maintenance
Q.
Describe the Preliminary Investigation phase of SDLC.
Preliminary
Investigation:
This
is the first phase of SDLC. In this phase the initial analysis of the system is
performed. In this phase the following tasks are performed.
System
Identification:
The
system is identified in this stage. It is very important phase. Everything in
future depends upon this phase.
System
Scope:
At
this stage the scope of the system is defined. The scope is defined keeping in view
the financial, political and time limitation.
Alternate
Solution:
There
are different ways to develop a system. We find all methods and choose the
best. We interview different concerning Front view the systems of other
competitors to find the best solution.
Feasibility
Study:
The
feasibility study is performed to find out whether it is feasible to make a new
system. During this stage we discuss financial. social and time concerning
issues.
Preliminary
Plan:
In
this stage we make a feasibility In which
information is provided. It is submitted to the top management of the
organization. Top management takes decision about the system after studying
this report.
Q.
Describe System Analysis phase of SDLC.
System
Analysis:
In
this phase the current system is studied in detail. Its purpose is to prepare
specification for new system. The analyst the following activities.
Need
Analysis:
It
is also called requirement analysis. In this phase we finalize all
requirements. The new system should fulfill these requirements.
Data
Gathering:
In
this phase the analyst collects required data to develop the system. The
following techniques are used for this purpose.
Written
Documents:
Analyst
can get required information from the written documents of current system.
These documents may be reports. statements and many others.
Interviews:
The
analyst conduct interview of the concerning of the organization and tries to
know the required information about current system. The questions asked in
interviews must be precise and relevant,
Questionnaires:
Some
time it is difficult to an interview. questionnaires are designed to collect
useful information. It is convenient method of getting information.
Observations:
It
is a process of watching the people while they working. The analyst can only
observe the working or he participate in working if permission is granted.
Sampling:
If a
system is large and many are involved in it is difficult to communicate with
all peoples. Information is gathered from some relevant persons.
Data
Analysis:
The
process of analyzing data to get accurate information. Many tools are used for
this purpose.
Analysis
Report:
At
the end of analysis phase analysis report is generated. It presented to higher
management. Analysis has three parts. These are as follows.
• It explains Current system.
• It tells about the of current system.
• It describes the requirements and
recommendation for new system.
Q. Describe
design phase of SDLC.
In
this phase the following activities are performed.
Logical
Design:
Logical
design represents the general functionality of the proposed system requirements
are and system components are defined. Different types of tools are used to
prepare logical design.
Physical
Design:
Physical
design describes how the proposed system Will deliver general capabilities
described in logical design. It specifies the following.
• Input Requirements Output
Requirements
• System Control
• Backup Recovery
Report:
A
detailed report is prepared about logical and physical design. This report is
presented to higher management for approval.
Q.
What is coding phase of SDLC?
In
this phase system is developed. System is divided in to parts. Each part is
developed separately. parts arc combined to make a complete System. This phase
needs a lot of time and budget. Programmer is person who works in this phase.
The program specifications are given to programmer writes the code according to
given specification. A single programmer or a team of programmers is used for
this System is developed at the end of coding phase, Different languages and
tools are used in this phase.
Q. What
is testing phase of SDLC?
When
the system is developed testing phase starts is very phase. The main of testing
is to detect and remove errors in the system. The testing is performed in two
stages; these stages are:
Unit
Testing:
It
is also called modular testing. Different parts of system are tested
individually with the help of sample data. Different parts of system are
combined to make a complete system. Now this system is tested as a Whole. Sample
or actual data can use with system testing.
Q.
What is implementation phase of SDLC?
Implementation
If
the system is working properly in test phase it is implemented. In this phase
we install hardware. software and data in to real environment. In this phase
users are also trained. Implementation can be performed in the following ways.
Direct
Implementation:
The
user stops working on old system and starts working on new system.
Parallel
Implementation:
In
this of implementation new and old system are used side by side. The results of
both systems are compared. When the new system starts working properly old
system is stoped.
Phased
Implementation:
In
this type of implementation different parts of system are implemented at
different times. Gradually system is implemented.
Pilot
Implementation:
In
this of implementation only some selected persons can new system. All workers
cannot use new system.
User
Training:
Users
are the persons who will use new system so it is very important to provide
proper training. Different methods are used to train the user. The most common
methods are:
• Provide instruction manuals
• Provide videos or CDs
• Deliver Lectures
Q.
What is meant by System Maintenance?
Maintenance:
After
implementation phase the new system starts working. In maintenance phase we
ensure the working of system. Following activities are performed is maintained
phase.
Provide
support to user
• Correction of errors
• Updating the system
Maintenance
is the help provided to users against their queries, problems and ambiguities.